Film Project Guidelines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Project Guidelines - Essay Example Zola went to the girl’s memorial service, conversed with the people and posted the story on his blog. Tiger Temple is very not quite the same as Zola. Tiger Temple’s story is similarly intriguing and stunning. He began blogging when he saw a lady get executed in the city, he called the cops and began taking photos yet amazingly, when the police showed up, rather than taking care of the scene and catching the lawbreaker, they went straight for his camera and prevented him from taking pictures (Carter, 2012). He returned home that day and posted the photos he had taken and expounded on it. Tiger Temple engages with the individuals, converses with them like a companion. Rather than finding bad-to-the-bone solutions, he tunes in to them and distributes what they need to state. He typically wanders around Beijing’s Tiananmen’s Square, interfacing with the vagrants. The websites by both the Chinese bloggers (Zola and Tiger Temple) get edited. China has a controlled Internet condition. From that point, it is difficult to get to reports that are esteemed disputable by the legislature. The specialists remove the blog entries and pictures they believe are not proper for open dispersal from the web journals. The technically knowledgeable Zola realizes how to handle the ‘Great Firewall’ and utilizations strategies that keep him moderately secure yet at the same time lets him (Carter, 2012). He utilizes his pet feline as a ‘person’, a talking cat on his blog and reports stories. Sanctuary Tiger is simply gallant, his blog probably won't be as shrewd as Zola’s however he writes with grit and says that there are numerous individuals that should be heard and he is doing the blogging for them. Review the insights introduced in the perusing, Xiao 2011, about the normal Chinese web client. As you watch the film, attempt to choose if you think the normal Chinese individual with web access would be keen on these two

Jewish Perceptions of Jesus Christ Essay Example For Students

Jewish Perceptions of Jesus Christ Essay Christianity and Judaism are significant world religions which, however they revere a similar God, have checked contrasts which have caused 2,000 years of struggle and hostility between the two religions. In his book We Jews and Jesus, Samuel Sandmel compares the connection among Judaism and Christianity to a sort of parent-youngster relationship, saying, Early Christianity was a Judaism; inside a century after the passing of Jesus it was a different religion. It was condemning of its parent, and antagonistic to it, and evoked from its parent complementary analysis and threatening vibe. 1 Opposing perspectives on Jesus Christ caused the underlying fracture among Judaism and Christianity and is the essential wellspring of the pressure between the two religions which has proceeded throughout the previous two centuries. Along these lines, so as to see how Judaism and Christianity identify with each other, it is basic to comprehend the manner in which Jesus is seen in every religion. The way that Christians see Jesus is very notable, however Judaisms perspective on him is a lot lesser known, so it is essential to investigate Judaisms impression of Jesus, starting with New Testament times, and to look at the manners by which these sentiments and suppositions have changed after some time. In spite of the fact that the New Testament is the principle wellspring of data with respect to Jesus life, Jews frequently ignore it as a solid wellspring of data. It was not composed until a few ages after Jesus, subsequently it can't be viewed as an essential source. Likewise, from a Jewish viewpoint, the point of the Gospels isn't to give an exact record of Jesus life and lessons; the Gospels filled in as preacher archives containing accounts recorded by one-sided evangelists. They mirror the points of the congregation as opposed to undeniable realities, and their scholars were more worried about the progression of Christianity than the transmission of genuine verifiable data. Hence, it is difficult to isolate the authentic Jesus from the awesome Christ introduced in the Gospels, and Judaism sees the Gospels as problematic and nonsensical. It isn't known precisely when Jesus was conceived, however as per the Christian calender, his introduction to the world year was around 4 B. C. Christmas, the day of Christs birth, is commended by Christians on December 25, yet the genuine day and month of his introduction to the world are obscure. Rachel Zurer, a supporter of Judaism, calls attention to that December 25 was praised as the birthday of Mithras, a Roman god, until chapel pioneers proclaimed the day as Jesus birth date. Jewish researchers accept that as opposed to Christian instructing, Jesus was conceived in Nazareth, not Bethlehem, and the possibility of the Immaculate Conception isn't acknowledged. As indicated by the Talmud, Jesus was really an ill-conceived kid. In an entry described in the Tract Kallah, 1b (18b), Rabbi Akibah says to Mary, Tell me, what sort of child is this of yours? to which Mary reacts, The day I was hitched I was having monthly cycle, and in view of this my significant other left me. Be that as it may, an underhanded soul came and laid down with me and from this intercourse my child was destined to me. 3 The Talmud (the Babylonian Talmud specifically) alludes to Jesus as Son of Stada/Satda and Son of Pandera ; these titles are not utilized unmistakably, yet it is clear that both are utilized concerning Jesus, and researchers have surmised their plausible implications. Sanhedrin 67a states that The child of Stada was child of Pandera. Rab Chisa stated: The spouse was Stada, the darling Pandera. . . his mom was Miriam, the womens beautician; as they would state. Stath da to her significant other; Stath da implies she was unfaithful or she demonstrated shifty, and is clearly utilized concerning Marys absence of steadfastness to her better half. 4 According to this entry, Stada was Jesus lawful dad (Marys spouse), and Pandera was his natural dad, Marys claimed sweetheart. Stada is likewise utilized as an epithet for Mary, once more, regarding her supposed treachery. As indicated by Jewish conviction, God has no child; since Joseph was not Jesus father, Jesus more likely than not been ill-conceived. There exists a resolution which peruses: A jerk will not go into the gathering of the Lord; even to the tenth era will none of his go into the get together of the Lord, and the Talmud is sure beyond a shadow of a doubt that Jesus was ill-conceived. 5 Knowing this, one may ask why Jesus was permitted into the get together of the Lord. A potential answer is that Jesus really went as the child of Joseph until the case of faultless origination. 6 The Talmud again shames Mary by considering her a mgaddla nsajja, a womens beautician, an occupation which was not viewed as fitting for a prudent wedded lady. The Gospel recorded by Matthew attests (and adherents of Judaism accept) that Mary brought forth other kids, however this is denied by the Catholic Church, which alludes to Marys other youngsters as Jesus cousins. John 8:57 says that Jesus wasnot yet fifty, when he was executed. Nonetheless, his execution is by and large accepted to have happened when he was between the ages of 26 and 36, and it is normally acknowledged that he was 33. The Jewish perspective on Jesus execution extraordinarily clashes with the Christian understanding of the occasion. As indicated by the book Zohar, III, (282), Jesus kicked the bucket like a monster and was covered in a soil pile. . . where they toss he dead assemblages of pooches and asses, and where the children of Esau and of Ismael , likewise Jesus and Mahommad, uncircumcized and unclean like dead canines, are covered; to put it plainly, Jesus was covered in Hell. 8 The quest for authentic realities concerning Jesus execution has truly been a Jewish concern on account of the threatening vibe toward Jews as a result of this occasion. From a Jewish viewpoint, one may ask why Christians express such animosity toward the individuals who they accept killed Christ. In the event that the torturous killing carried expiation to humankind, for what reason would Christians detest the individuals who were included? In the event that the torturous killing was Gods will, the job of the individuals who completed the execution was dictated by God and was no shortcoming of theirs. 10 Judaism dismisses the majority of Jesus lessons and portrays him as a moron, misguided worshiper, and tempter of the individuals who, as depicted by Reverend I. B. Pranaitis, could encourage only lie and apostasy whish was unreasonable and difficult to watch. 11 Jesus is known as an imbecile by the Elders in Schabbath, 104b: He was a numb-skull, and nobody focuses on fools. This was at any rate somewhat due to lessons in which he considered himself the child of God or asserted that he and God are one. Jesus is likewise viewed as a misguided worshiper. In Sanhedrin, 103a, it is referenced that Jesus consumes his food freely, which is comparable to genuine tenet through sin, the genuine love of God through worshipful admiration. 2 Jesus is likewise blamed for up icons in the boulevards and open spots. 13 During early Christianity, it was a general conviction of Jews that Christians offered penances to icons, and it was presumed that this training more likely than not started with Jesus. Jews believe excessive admiration to be the most elevated type of falling endlessly from God15, and it is accepted that one who rehearses worshipful admiration de nies the whole Torah. Jesus is additionally accused of debasing and alluring the individuals of Israel and is alluded to as Balaam, a title which implies devourer or destroyer of the individuals. This title communicates the conviction that Jesus was seen as the profound destroyer of Israel since he caused a crack in the gathering place and as indicated by the Jewish origination is the best destroyer of the individuals, who has ever ascended amidst Israel. 17 Often, Jews and Jewish researchers equal huge numbers of Jesus lessons and attestations to idioms in Jewish writing which went before his reality and utilize this to deny Jesus creativity. It is accepted that despite the fact that it isn't known precisely what Jesus genuine words were, they could just have originated from Judaism. All things considered, Jesus was a Jew, and he never got some distance from Judaism. Stolper strongly attests that none of Jesus lessons added even one particle to the quality of the Torah,18 and Rachel Zurer keeps up that, Christians who grew up accepting that the accounts present unique facts articulated by Jesus, need to go to the Bible (their Old Testament) and to the rabbinic knowledge flowing in his time. Here will be discovered the hotspots for truisms credited to Jesus. (With the exception of obviously for the profane words and denunciation put into his mouth by the teacher evangelists). 19 Should this business update to Windows 2000 from W EssayThe cross normally utilized for torturous killing was regularly called Tau by Hebrews and Phoenicians. Notwithstanding, the cross embraced as an image of Christianity is called a few names: Tsurath Haatalui (the picture of him who was hanged), Elil (vanity, symbol), Tselem (in Jewish books, Crusaders are called Tsalmerin), Scheti Veerbh (twist and woof, which is taken from the material craftsmanship), Kokhabh (star; by virtue of the four beams radiating from it), and Pesila (a model, a carven icon). 41 Whenever the cross is referenced, it is in the feeling of an icon or something which is unsuitable in Judaism. It is clear that early Judaism ignored Jesus and his devotees, yet to what degree have conventional Jewish mentalities toward Jesus propagated? How is the mentality of present day Judaism toward Christ not the same as the customary disposition? This might be investigated utilizing the Jewish Encyclopedia a record of Judaism from its most punctual occasions as a source. The articles in the Encyclopedia which talk about Jesus Christ were composed by researchers of transformed or dynamic Judaism (the two terms can be utilized conversely), which is the result of present day thought, examination, and adjustment to existing conditions. 2 Progressive Judaism started to create during the mid nineteenth century when cooperation among Jews and gentiles expanded and the trading of thoughts happened substantially more than it had previously. Because of this development, numerous Jewish convictions have been altered to match more with present day times and to

Forbes and the Power of LinkedIn for Job Seekers

Forbes and the Power of LinkedIn for Job Seekers Yet another article has come out in Forbes confirming the power of LinkedIn for job seekers. In LinkedIn Still Rules As The Top Job Search Technology Tool, Survey Says, Susan Adams reports on a new survey of North American job seekers, hiring managers, recruiters and HR executives. The word from Right Management, who conducted the survey, is that “almost 100% of job seekers use LinkedIn as their number one social media site for job hunting. Hiring managers also prefer Linked in over other sites by two to one.” Additional findings, some related to LinkedIn and some on other topics, include: 18% of job seekers say they have had video interviews in the past year â€" more than double the percent from a year ago. 45% of hiring managers say they expect video resumes to become more common. And 2/3 predict video interviews will spike in the next three years. 22% of job seekers use smartphone job search apps. Just 34% of job candidates report that they have a land line! (I seem to be living in the dark ages on this one). 94% of job seekers say they prefer LinkedIn as their chief job hunting tool, followed by Google+ then Twitter. Gen X candidates rank Facebook, Google+ and Twitter evenly. Hiring managers also rank LinkedIn first, followed by Facebook, then Google+, with Twitter in a distant fourth place. Social media sites like LinkedIn are the top way to search for candidates. Hiring managers and recruiters also still use company websites and employee referrals. In contrast, job boards and even recruiters themselves are on the decline, though 65% still use job boards. More than half use social media to post jobs and three quarters use it to find possible hires. Networking is still the best way to find success as a job seeker! This is one thing that doesn’t change over time. Don’t make the mistake of using technology to the exclusion of human contact. Ms. Adams emphasizes that “it’s essential to have an up-to-date LinkedIn profile so hiring managers and recruiters can find you. It can also be useful to hunt for openings using LinkedIn job listings or company sites. But it can … be more effective to figure out what you want to do and where you want to work and to find a way in before a job is listed.” Ms. Adams’ recommendation and mine: If you see a job listing for a position of interest, use your networks, both online and off, to make human contact. It’s not unusual for a job seeker to submit hundreds of applications without receiving a single response. So pick up the phone and set up a face-to-face meeting. Talk to people, make a human connection, and find out more about the position before you apply. LinkedIn is still the place to start with your job search. But it’s not the place to finish.

Law of Multiple Proportions Definition

The Law of Multiple Proportions states that when elements combine, they do so in the ratio of small whole numbers (assuming they have the same type of chemical bonds). Also Known As: Daltons Law, though that term usually refers to his law of partial pressure Examples: carbon and oxygen react to form CO or CO2, but not CO1.6

Basic Parts of the Brain and Their Responsibilities

The scarecrow needed it, Einstein had an excellent one, and it can store a whole lot of information. The brain is the control center of the body. Think of a telephone operator who answers incoming calls and directs them to where they need to go. Similarly, your brain acts as an operator by sending messages to and receiving messages from all over the body. The brain processes the information it receives and ensures that  messages are directed to their proper destinations. Neurons The brain is composed of specialized cells called neurons. These cells  are the basic unit of the nervous system. Neurons send and receive messages through electrical impulses and chemical messages. Chemical messages are known as neurotransmitters and they can either inhibit cell activity or cause cells to become excitable.   Brain Divisions The brain is one of the largest and most important organs of the human body. Weighing in at about three pounds, this organ is covered by a three-layered protective membrane called the meninges. The brain  has a wide range of responsibilities. From coordinating our movement to managing our emotions, this organ does it all.  The brain is composed of three main divisions: the forebrain, brainstem, and hindbrain. Forebrain The forebrain is the most complex of the three parts. It gives us the ability to feel, learn, and remember. It consists of two parts: the telencephalon (contains the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum) and the diencephalon (contains the thalamus and hypothalamus). The cerebral cortex allows us to understand the mounds of information we receive from all around us. The left and right regions of the cerebral cortex are separated by a thick band of tissue called the corpus callosum. The thalamus acts as a telephone line of sorts, allowing information to get through to the cerebral cortex. It is also a component of the limbic system,  which  connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and  spinal cord.  The hypothalamus is important for regulating hormones, hunger, thirst, and arousal. Brainstem The brainstem consists of the midbrain and the hindbrain. Just as the name suggests, the brainstem resembles the stem of a branch. The midbrain is the upper part of the branch that is connected to the forebrain. This region of the brain sends and receives information. Data from our senses, such as the eyes and ears, are sent to this area and then directed to the forebrain. Hindbrain The hindbrain makes up the lower portion of the brainstem and consists of three units. The medulla oblongata controls involuntary functions such as digestion and breathing. The second unit of the hindbrain, the pons, also assists in controlling these functions. The third unit, the cerebellum, is responsible for the coordination of movement. Those of you who are blessed with great hand-eye coordination have your cerebellum to thank. Brain Disorders As you can imagine, all of us desire a brain that is healthy and functions properly. Unfortunately, there are some who suffer from neurological disorders of the brain. A few of these disorders include Alzheimers disease, epilepsy, sleep disorders,  and Parkinsons disease.

Feasibility Marketing Plan †Lumber Business Free Essays

MARKETING PLAN OF MADERA SAN JOSE Marketing Tools Madera San Jose, from the name itself, will offer wood products specifically hardwoods or lumber that would be further used for production of different products such as wood furniture, residential or commercial structures, and etc. Madera is the Spanish word for â€Å"wood†. Madera San Jose’s hardwood products will be expounded on in the next part of the study – the marketing plan of the proposed business. We will write a custom essay sample on Feasibility Marketing Plan – Lumber Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now This part of the feasibility study determines the different types marketing programs prevalent in the lumber industry that can help the Madera. Given that the proposed business is a medium-scale lumber business in the province of Pampanga, the province of Muebles San Jose and also the proposed province for the location of Madera San Jose, the group gathered few and simple but still effective marketing programs that are implemented by owners there to make their business known. They can also be considered as more of marketing tools. Firstly, the businesses give free merchandise such as calendars, face towels and shirts. These materials bear the logo or name of the business as well as its location. Mostly the merchandise is given to both potential and loyal patrons for them to maintain and spread awareness of the business. This practice has been done not just in Pampanga but in other places, too, and not just by lumber business owners but by other business owners, too. Except for the calendars, that are given just once a year, other merchandises are given depending on the owners disposal or whenever the owners want to, and how frequently they want to. It is proven effective because most businesses that have done it are the long-running ones compared to others that have not. The costs associated with these merchandises are as follows: Merchandise| Price Quantity| Calendars| Php 10. 00 per 1 pc. for 30 pcs. (in a bulk)| Face towel| Php 15. 00 per 1 pc. for pcs. (in a bulk)| Shirts| Php 80. 00 per 1 pc. for 100 pcs. (in a bulk)| Secondly, businesses in Pampanga sponsor basketball teams in town leagues. Lumber businesses there have done it, too. In exchange, their logos are seen on the basketball players’ jerseys. Basketball leagues are held more than once annually, sometimes at very frequent intervals. In these events, usually many people come to watch. Aside from basketball jerseys, there are also banners portraying the businesses’ logos and locations. These are seen by owners as opportunities for the business to be recognized so they sponsor. Lumber businesses in Pampanga have done so, too. In Pampanga, the total cost for sponsoring a team is Php 10,000. 00. Following is the breakdown of said amount that will be paid in case Madera sponsors a basketball team. Expenses| Price| Basketball jerseys| Php7,200. 00 (Php 600. 00 x 12 jersey sets)| Banners or Posters| Php 2,000. 00 | Miscellaneous| Php 800. 00| The third and the last marketing tool used by most business owners in the area as well as giving one peso discounts. This practice has long been used by business owners – from large department stores to local lumber business owners. The practice gives customers the mentality that they get to save more while at the same time, not affecting much the costs of incurred by the business for that certain item – considering that there were mark-ups added. Marketing Mix (4 Ps) The marketing plan mainly elaborates on the 4 Ps of a business: the Product, Place, Price, and Promotion. These 4 Ps are also considered the â€Å"marketing mix† of the business that determine what the business has to offer and what are the channels for this offer to reach the consumers. In this part of the study, the said principles are expounded on in the context of Madera San Jose. Product Usually, the first principle of the 4 Ps tackled in marketing plans is the Product. Madera San Jose will offer lumber – to be specific, hardwood products. In the simplest sense, lumber is â€Å"wood in any stage from the time it is cut from a tree through its use in construction or paper,† (What is Lumber Homepage, 2013). Lumber is cut from a tree through a process called felling. After it is cut and shipped, it is supplied either â€Å"rough† or â€Å"finished†. Finished lumber is primarily used in the construction industry. Most finished lumber is cut from softwood trees such as pine, fir, or cedar. Some rough lumber includes hardwoods for use in high-grade wood floors (What is Lumber Homepage, 2013). Rough lumber is raw and uncut to standardized measurements. It is used for furniture or specialty manufacturing where custom cutting and shaping is required. Given that Muebles San Jose concentrates on furniture making – custom-made or otherwise – Madera San Jose will mainly sell rough lumber in the form of hardwoods. The hardwood lumber products to be offered by Madera are: Lauan, Yakal, Teak, Gmelina, Malabuaya, Narra, Mahogany, Apitong, and Antipolo. Like the competitors, Top Lumber and Angeles LCM Construction Supply, Madera San Jose will get most of its woods from the suppliers in Tarlac. Below are the illustrations of the different hardwood products to be sold by Madera San Jose. Lauan YakalTeak Gmelina Malabuaya NarraMahoganyApitongAntipolo These lumber products, as mentioned, are to be processed further for production of more products such as trimmings for structures and more especially, furniture. Place The second P stands for Place. Madera San Jose’s wood warehouse and store itself is to be established in Angeles City, Pampanga. Pampanga is the home of Muebles San Jose. However, be that as it is, Muebles is in Mabalacat, not Angeles City. Angeles City was chosen due to its close proximity to Mabalacat – Mabalacat borders Angeles City in the latter’s northern part. Secondly, it is considered as a first-class highly urbanized city in the country, with its numerous residential areas as well as commercial ones such as restaturants, malls, universities and even tourist spots such as ancestral mansions and houses. These structures require a lot of wood – both for the building itself as well as the furniture. Since the site is a highly industrial part of Pampanga, it is accessible to its suppliers from both Tarlac and Manila; MARSSE Timber Suppliers, Tarlac and Mango and Timber Plantation, Manila – the latter’s office is located in Taguig. Each supplier supplies 3,000 board feet of wood monthly. The exact location of Madera San Jose in Angeles City will be in Brgy. Pandan. The proposed business will actually be located at Pandan Road, Brgy. Pandan, Angeles City, Pampanga. There are about nine puroks situated in Barangay Pandan. These are: Old Pandan, Land Tenure, San Ignacio Subdivision, Springside Subdivision, Citicenter A, Citicenter B, Magalang Avenue Extension, Jaovil Compound, and Saint Ignatius Subdivision. There are also several establishments – furniture shops, schools (public and private), barangay hall (of Pandan and of other nearby barangays) – that are relevant to the business. The exact location where the proposed business will be launched is noticeably located on a main road and is situated in a commercial-residential area. This is intended such that the business will be highly accessible to the chance buyers and to the greater market, specifically businesses within the vicinity and residents living in the area, who may have probably become the clients of Madera San Jose. The lot measures 300sq. m. and the lumber business is expected to occupy 280sq. m. Originally, the location was a bare land. It was acquired it years before by Mr. Manabat for the purpose of expanding his first business. Price The price for the lumber of Madera San Jose was also gathered from the standard prices of woods per board foot in Pampanga. Following are the prices: Hardwood| Price Per Board Foot| Lauan| Php30. 00| Yakal| Php40. 00| Teak| Php60. 00| Gmelina| Php26. 00| Malabuaya| Php30. 00| Narra| Php85. 00| Mahogany| Php30. 00| Apitong| Php30. 00| Antipolo| Php35. 00| One will notice that these prices are also the same as those of the competitors’. This is because of the fact that the owners want to use competition-based pricing. Competition-based pricing is the strategy used when a firm uses the competitor’s prices as benchmarks. In Madera’s case, since there are only two (2) competitors nearby that also offer hardwood lumber; Top Lumber and Angeles LCM Construction Supply, and both have the same prices, Madera used their prices. Same prices are used to get more people from the competitors’ pool of patrons, and no decreases are made either, so that Madera an establish stability since the business is new and so that there will be allowance for possible future discounts. Also, other lumber dealers sell at the same prices and the customers are used to the standard. Since Madera San Jose will be a new addition, the business will also use the same prices to establish its place in the market. Promotion Promotional tools used by lumber businesses in Pampanga have been mentioned already in the first part of this portion of the study. Going back, the three tools are: 1) giving of printed merchandise, 2) sponsorship of basketball leagues, and 3) one-peso discounts. `The group recommends Madera San Jose to use the first and second tools – printed merchandise and basketball league sponsorships. Giving printed merchandise such as calendars, face towel, and shirts is not something new in the small to medium industries but they are helpful in spreading knowledge of the business. For instance, buildings – whether private of public, large or small – that display the calendars will help in making the new business known. It is also an ideal way because calendars are displayed and looked at all year round. As for shirts and towels, people who wear or use them are mostly people from the manual labor sector. These people tend to move and work a lot in the local community. Without spreading information on the business verbally, these people â€Å"display† the business just by moving around. It will help that the printed information not just contains the business logo and name but the business address as well. The second tool is the team sponsorship in basketball leagues. As mentioned, basketball leagues are hugely-crowded events. Some people from other towns even visit to watch. In the basketball leagues, aside from banners that can be displayed around the court, Madera can gain exposure through basketball jerseys with the business logo printed on them. Aside from having huge crowds to whom Madera can be exposed to, basketball leagues are held more than once a year – even more frequently if the area has many playing teams. Madera will have more exposure time. One might wonder why the third tool was not applied. This tool is the one-peso discount strategy. It would be good for the business. However, it is also deemed ideal if this strategy will not be applied in at present – when the business is still new in the industry. Customers should be accustomed first with the actual prices before being given the discounts. Marketing Plan Conclusion In sum, unlike other industries, the lumber businesses in Pampanga do not highly focus on marketing. If one will notice in this study, this marketing part does not comprise much information compared to other aspects such as the operational plan and financials. This is so because first and foremost, the lumber industry in Pampanga mainly relies on word-of-mouth as the major marketing agenda. Owners, aside from giving free merchandise and some basketball leagues do not use famous media such as the television, radios and magazines. Some even do not have a marketing strategy at all, or if they do, they do not practice it for the long run. They just rely on word-of-mouth. In short, the most reliable and fool-proof way of gaining more customers for Madera San Jose is based on its products and how these will make the customers satisfied enough to spread information about them. How to cite Feasibility Marketing Plan – Lumber Business, Essay examples

Risk Identification Information Systems Development and Delivery

Question : Identify what areas in the chapter (Info Systems J (2004) 14, 313342) are most at risk - or challenging for information systems professionals. Be specific, and support your critique/assertions with references from other articles, blogs or forms of referenced testimony [cite all sources used]. Include a 'References Cited" section. Answer : The section 3, of the article proposes a coding system so that the ISD process knowledge can be organized. A lot of literature and knowledge has been generated in the past 40 years in terms of ISD. However it is not easy to develop a coding system. There are several issues in developing a unified coding system. There are a number of ISD methods and this creates a representation problem. Besides that it is not worthwhile to expect that there will be only a single ISD approach. There are a number of information systems. There is need to develop a variety of information systems, because different ISD approaches will result in more variety and will provide more features. The ISD can be developed in a number of ways. However each development method has its limitations. Some of the approaches may be more general, while some of the approaches may be too focused. It is difficult to prepare a classification tree without clear understanding of the different ISD methods. However the list of the various ISD methods is not exhaustive. It is also necessary to include failed ISD projects as inclusion of the failed ISD cases may result in new insights that could help us avoiding the repeated errors. Thus knowledge of various ISD methods will increase the success rate of development of coding system. The development of coding system needs creation of a hierarchy. However creation of hierarchy is not an easy task as knowledge provided by various ISD may be contradictory or conflicting. Another issue is that the hierarchy and so the BoK cannot be static, as the arena of IT is ever changing. Thus the coding system cannot be a fixed coding system and there should be room for changes as and when required. When a new ISD approaches in generated, the coding system should be able to incorporate it. Another aspect is the collection of the literature for the purpose of coding. It is a herculean task and there should be parameters for choosing the relevant literature. Thus the articles which are not online may get ignored, if the parameter does not focus on inclusion of off line articles. Once the literature is collected, the second step is to group various ISD approaches. However it is possible that some of the approaches may be grouped as general approaches and there may be some border line cases while grouping the ISD approaches. As the coding system is still in alpha stage, there are chances of misrepresentations. However the primary goal is to create a coding system and the refinement of the coding system can be done at later stages. Thus the creation of coding system is more of an organization of the ISD systems. The coding system hierarchy may not be as systematic as the botanical classification of the plants and herbs or scientific classification of various chemicals. It appears to be inherent limitation of the IS field that it is both technical as well as behavioral. References Banville, C. Landry, M. (1989) Can the field of MIS be disciplined? Communications of the ACM, 32, 4860. Culnan, M. (1987) Mapping the intellectual structure of MIS, 19801985: a co-citation analysis. MIS Quarterly, 11,341353. Iivari, J. (1991) A paradigmatic analysis of contemporary schools of IS development. European Journal of Information Systems, 1, 249272. Iivari, J., Hirschheim, R. Klein, H. (20002001) A dynamic framework for classifying information systems development methodologies and approaches. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17, 179218. Zwerman, W.L. (1999) Profession/occupation without a history. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 21,6670.

Development of Virginia

Table of Contents Introduction Native Americans The colonialist Resistance from the natives Conclusion Introduction Native Americans were the original inhabitants of Virginia. They settled in a geographic area known as Commonwealth Virginia. However, European settlement started in 1607 when they settled and established Jamestown. This was the beginning of European colonization in the area. With the emergence of tobacco export, there was massive importation of Africans who provided cheap labor for the profitable venture. This made Virginia to be the most populated and wealthiest British colony in northern America.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Virginia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Native Americans The present Virginia was in the past inhabited by native indigenous communities which date back thousands of years ago. The population was composed of many tribes, the Algonquian forming the larg est group. They had a population of around ten thousand individuals living in the coastal area up to the fall line. Other groups included Iroquoian and Siouan who lived in the interior parts of the region. The Algonquian controlled most of Virginia before the arrival of the Europeans. They had formed an alliance with almost all the tribes called Powhatan Confederacy. This whole empire was under one chief called Wahunsunancock during the late sixteenth and early seventieth century. Although they were peaceful, issues relating to land and ownership of other important resources created mistrust and indifference creating conflicts among the natives. The colonialist The Europeans arrived in Virginia in May 1607 under the Virginia Company of London and settled at Jamestown. During the first few years, Captain John Smith kept the colony alive by making peace with the natives and getting food. Virginia usually had a period of drought after every three years. However, due to the good relat ion between the Europeans and natives the natives usually supplied them with food during these hard times. The colony was not as productive as they thought until the arrival of Governor Thomas West in 1610. He saved the colony from collapsing after the failure of setting up industries such as glassmaking, ship building and production of naval stores. The Europeans started to plant tobacco from 1612 which was a profitable venture. They also imported slaves from Africa to provide cheap labor in the farms. In 1624 the British government revoked the charter of Virginia Company of London and made it its first royal colony in northern America. In the years that followed the colony expanded to the north and to the west. There was also political maturity producing strong leaders in the lower house of assembly who wanted independence.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Resistance from the natives T obacco growing leads to exhaustion of soil thus the settles needed more land for replacement. This lead to the clearance of the surrounding forests which the natives had used for hunting. The increasing number of Europeans coupled with clearance of their hunting grounds made the natives to defy the encroachment by the settlers. The Indian massacre of 1622 and the war of 1644 were as a result of this resistance. The natives however did not match up to the Europeans and the introduction of infectious diseases such as measles and smallpox declined their populations drastically. By the mid 1700`s the eastern part of Virginia up to the fall line was under the rule of Europeans. The surviving populations of the natives were assimilated into the colonialist population. Conclusion Most of northern America was inhabited by Indians and other native communities including Virginia. British settlers first arrived in Virginia in 1607 and settled in Jamestown, a town which they later developed. In the early years they lived in harmony with the natives but once they started to increase in number and occupy more land for tobacco farming the natives started to fight for their land, a fight which they lost making Virginia to become a complete colony of the British. This essay on Development of Virginia was written and submitted by user Shiloh N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How To Become an Activist and Get Involved

How To Become an Activist and Get Involved Its as much a calling as it is a profession. You see something wrong in the world and you want to change it. There are countless ways to do that, from petitioning lawmakers to protesting on the street to personally helping and advocating for a single victim of injustice. If this sounds like something that appeals to you, heres how to go about establishing a career as a civil liberties activist.   Difficulty: N/A Time Required: Variable Heres How: Figure out what youre most passionate about. Are you interested in civil liberties in general, or is there a specific civil liberties-related issue such as free speech, abortion or gun rights that interest you?Get educated. Read up on your American history  and develop a functional understanding of how the government works.Develop sound arguments to back up your positions. Two highly effective ways to do this include familiarizing yourself with the arguments used by people with whom you agree, as well as with arguments used by people with whom you disagree.Keep up with current events. Scour the Internet and find blogs that focus on your topic. Read newspapers and follow the evening news for issues you might not even have thought about yet, issues that are just beginning to reach a boiling point.Join a group. Activists dont work well alone. Your best bet is to join a group that focuses on your concern. Attend local chapter meetings. If there is no local chapter, consider starting on e. Networking with other activists will educate you, provide you with a support network, and help you focus your energies on productive activism strategies. Tips: Be practical. Dont get so caught up in your hope for radical, sweeping reforms that you lose sight of real opportunities to make incremental progress.Dont hate people you disagree with. If you forget how to communicate with people on the other side of the issue, youll lose your ability to bring others around to your way of thinking.Dont lose hope. You will almost certainly experience depressing setbacks, but activist movements take time. Womens suffrage was advocated in the United States as far back as the 18th century and only became a reality in 1920.Go back to school if you dont already have a degree. This goes hand-in-hand with educating yourself, but it serves another purpose as well. That degree will open doors that might have otherwise remained closed to you. A law degree is a lofty goal, but lawyers are trained in the skills and weapons that are necessary to tackle broad platforms at governmental levels. Even a bachelors degree in pre-law or one of the social sciences can be immensely helpful, and nothing says you cant pursue your cause or causes while youre going to school. Many famous activists have done just that.

Description memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Description memo - Essay Example Workplace statistics highlight that the best performing employee is a happy employee. For an employee to be more efficient and more productive in todays workplace environment, as market research indicates, a healthy level of communication and relaxed atmosphere is important as these contribute to levels of happiness. The entertainment centre addresses this when compared to other options like using the space as a conference room. The centre will provide a work-free environment for stress relief via access to entertainment components such as television screens with an Apple TV subscription and gaming consoles. Game tournaments will be encouraged and set up to enhance communication while keeping the work-life challenging and interesting. Bean bag chairs and recliner seats will provide comfort during breaks with the cacti and bonsai trees adding a natural feel to the centre. The headphones and individual devices such as the iPads and google glasses are aimed at satisfying the interns ent ertainment needs without compromising ambience through noise pollution. Items such as the vending machine and table tennis set serve the purpose of encouraging interaction and mild entertainment through actual physical engagement. With this critical information in mind the entertainment centre appears to be an ideal response to enhance productivity, morale and communication of the interns in the

Research a topic about an artist, an art style, a period in art Essay

Research a topic about an artist, an art style, a period in art history, a particular type of visual art - Essay Example The first artistic period that should be carefully examined as called the Blue Period. It lasted several years from 1901 to 1904 and features depressive pictured that were painted primarily using blue color. It is argued that â€Å"the Blue Period was a direct result of his friend’s death† (Walther 15). Indeed, a close friend of Picasso died and the famous painter found a way to express his grief with the help of art. The next period that one may want to explore carefully is often called the Rose Period. It lasted for two years, but it was incredibly fruitful. Just like with the previous period, the major color that dominated the majority of the paintings, but rose, but the tone of the works of art was absolutely different. It often included harlequins which is largely seen as the symbol of Picasso that he put in his paintings. The third period in his artistic development is a transitional one. Nevertheless, it was able to provide the world with fabulous masterpieces. The name for it is the Black or the African period and it lasted for three years: from 1906 to 1909. Indeed, at this time the technique of Picasso has been largely influenced by the African art, especially the masks that the African tribes created. In addition to that, it is largely regarded as the period of time when the artist developed his first understanding of cubism. The period that preceded is largely one of the most important and one of the longest ones. It lasted from 1909 to 1917 and the general term that is given to it is cubism. However, it is important note that within cubism, there have been several periods as well. At first Picasso changed the shapes of some objects while depicting the reality. Afterwards, during analytic cubism, the reality was carefully examined and presented as a mechanical aggregation of geometric shapes. Finally, the synthetic cubism often presents the object as easily recognized symbols, but in distorted order. Starting from 1917

Poverty Java Poor

Poverty Java Poor This thesis examines the incidence of poverty in Central Java in the period from 1996 to 2002. Susenas expenditure data in 1996, 1999 and 2002 were used to measure the incidence of poverty based on the Foster, Greer, and Thorbeckce (FGT) index. Using the decomposition formula developed by Huppi and Ravallion (1991a, 1991b), this thesis also investigates the effects of urban and rural poverty on the change in overall poverty. The incidence of poverty was higher in rural than that urban areas before the economic crisis. However, the urban poverty has worsened more significantly than the rural poverty after the crisis, as indicated by the higher headcount and poverty gap index in 1999. Spatially, poor people were distributed unevenly across districts. There were two major clusters of poor districts: one in the eastern part and the other in the middle of Central Java. One of the policy implications from our analysis is that poverty reduction programs seem to be more effective if they are targeting the poor in specific location. Poverty reduction programs should be targeted both on rural and urban poor people with specific policy measures and instruments between the rural and urban sectors. Since economic growth is found to be very effective in reducing poverty in both rural and urban areas, growth promoting policies in general should be conducive to alleviating poverty across the country. CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1. Background Central Java is one of six provinces in Java Island, which is the heart of Indonesia. It is located between West Java and East Java. Administratively, it consists of 29 kabupatens (regencies) and 6 kota (municipalities). According to data from Indonesia Population Census, the population of Central Java was 31,223,258 in 2000 and 31,997,968 in 2005. Compared to other provinces, it is the third most populous province in Indonesia, with the percentage of 15.2 % in 1995, 15.2 % in 2000 and 14.6% in 2005 out of the total national population of the country. According to Indonesia poverty information data base, 19.04 % of the poor people of Indonesia lived in this area. Among other provinces in Java, Central Java has the lowest GRDP. Until 1996, the growth rate of the GRDP was approximately 7% per year. In 1997, its GRDP shrank and grew negatively due to the economic crisis. The economic crisis following the currency depreciation triggered the increase of price of basic needs, especially foods. The inflation rate in Central Java increased sharply from 5.4 % in 1996 to 10.9 % in 1997 and reached 75.5 % in 1998. This undoubtedly affected the living standard of the people. The people not only suffered from the price increase, but also lost their jobs. Many industries collapsed, increasing the unemployment rate in Indonesia, including Central Java that brought many households into poverty. 1 1.2. Objectives of Study Firstly, the objective of this study is to examine the poverty incidence in Central Java in 1996, 1999, and 2002. By calculating the incidence of poverty using the FGT measure for each kabupaten and kota, this study tries to describe the spatial distribution of poor people at the district level. It aims at finding out the most severe districts in the period from 1996 to 2002. Using the same poverty measurement, the incidence of poverty is also measured for urban and rural areas, to investigate where the poor are concentrated. Secondly, using the decomposition formula developed by Huppi and Ravallion (1991a), this study also aims at investigating the influence of poverty incidence in urban and rural areas on aggregate poverty changes in Central Java. 1.3. Organization This study has six chapters, including this introductory chapter. Chapter 2 provides a literature review of studies on the impact of economic crisis on poverty and living standard in Indonesia, and the spatial analysis on poverty. Chapter 3 presents an overview of Central Java economic performance in 1996-2002 and poverty reduction policies that have been implemented in Central Java. Chapter 4 describes the method and the data used in this study. Chapter 5 presents the pattern of poverty in urban and rural areas and pattern of poverty by kabupaten/kota. Finally, chapter six presents the conclusions. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 2.1. The Impacts of Macroeconomics Condition on Poverty Studies on the impact of the changes in macroeconomic condition and government policy on poverty have been conducted by many researchers. Their objectives were to find desirable development policies to facilitate poverty alleviation. One of the interesting issues is the impact of the financial crisis that caused high inflation in the mid 1997. Since poverty is often defined in terms of income, price changes must have a significant effect on individuals living standard. The external shock that affected macroeconomic condition in Indonesia in the mid 1980s was the declining of oil prices which caused GDP per capita growth rates to fall sharply (Huppi and Ravallion, 1991b). To examine how this shock affected the aggregate poverty in Indonesia, Huppy and Ravalion (1991a) employed the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (FGT) index to measure the incidence of poverty. Using Susenas data in 1984 and 1987, they developed a decomposition formula to assess relative gains to the poor within the specific sectors and the contribution of each sector to the change in aggregate poverty. They found that aggregate poverty, both in urban and rural areas in Indonesia declined during this adjustment period. 3 Using the same data and method, Huppi and Ravallion (1991b) continued their research to examine the change in the sectoral structure of poverty in the adjustment period. They employed their decomposition formula to examine the sectoral gains due to the reduction in aggregate poverty. According to the findings, a high concentration of poverty was found in rural farming areas, therefore gains within rural farming sector had the highest contribution to the aggregate poverty reduction. An increase in rural farming sectors mean income and consumption had strong contribution due to aggregate poverty reduction. This study also found that more than a half of the gains were contributed by rural farming sector in Central Java and East Java. After the adjustment period, Indonesia was hit by the financial crisis in the mid 1997, which caused a significant decline in GDP per capita. Friedman and Levinsohn (2002) analyzed the distributional impact of Indonesias financial crisis on household welfare. They used the consumption module of the 1996 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) as the pre crisis data and monthly price data for 44 cities throughout Indonesia from January 1997 to October 1998. They matched both data to obtain compensating variation which is the amount of money sufficient to compensate households following price changes and enable a return to pre crisis level utility (Friedman and Levinsohn, 2002). According to their finding, the impact of the crisis on household welfare depends on the consumption choice, sources of income, and location, i.e., urban and rural areas. In general, households were severely affected, and the urban poor was the most adversely affected by the crisis. Rural poor were not affecte d as much as the urban poor because of their ability to produce food to mitigate high inflation. Skoufias et al.(2000) also conducted a research about the changes in household welfare, poverty and inequality during the crisis. They used the 100 village survey data conducted by CBS (Indonesian Central bureau of Statistics) in May 1997 and August 1998. Using the social welfare function developed by Atkinson in 1970, where welfare at time t is the function of the mean level of per capita consumption expenditure (PCE) in period t multiplied by one minus the level of inequality in the distribution of PCE in period t, they investigated the changes in households welfare. They used the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (FGT) index to calculate the incidence of poverty, while to calculate inequality, they used the generalized entropy class of indices, the Gini index and Atkinson index. The findings of this study were that the welfare of Indonesias household decreased in the first year of the economic crisis and the incidence of poverty doubled. One of the other studies about the dynamics of poverty during the crisis was Suharyadi et al. in 2003. To obtain a complete picture on the changes in poverty during the crisis, they used a consistent series of data which were obtained from various sources. The method used for estimating the change in the headcount ratio with the poverty line equal to the food poverty line plus non food poverty line after considering the change in prices (inflation rate) during the crisis. The result was that the headcount ratio fluctuated over the period, and reached the peak in 1998 then declined until 2001. After 2001, it started to increase, but until the early 2002. This study found that there were approximately 36 million additional people who experienced absolute poverty. Suharyadi and Sumarto (2003) investigated poverty and vulnerability in Indonesia before and after the crisis. The study used the three-step feasible generalized least square (FGLS) method to investigate the vulnerability, by combining 1996 SUSENAS as pre crisis data and 1999 SUSENAS as the post crisis data with the village potential (PODES) datasets. The result showed that the poverty incidence increased significantly, and the chronic poor (the poor who have consumption expenditures below the poverty line and will most likely stay poor in the near future) increased from 20% before crisis to 35% after the crisis. ( Suharyadi and Sumarto, 2003). Using SUSENAS data of 1984 and 1990, Cameron (2000) examined the impacts of the changes in age, educational structure, and industrial structure on poverty and inequality in Java by employing the method used by DiNardo et al., (1996). This study modified the method used by DiNardo by decomposing the changes in cumulative distribution functions, Lorenz curves and generalized Lorenz curves. Following DiNardo, the decomposition was presented visually rather than in statistical form. The results show that poverty in Java decreased during the period from 1984 to 1990, but income inequality increased in the same period. Increase in educational attainment, income of less educated workers and income of outside agriculture workers contributed to the poverty reduction in Java. On the other hand, an increase in non-agricultural income and education attainment also contributed to the inequality increase. 2.2. Spatial Analysis on Poverty Poverty can also be analyzed spatially. It is a spatially heterogeneous phenomenon where poor people tend to be clustered in specific places. Geographic variation in the incidence and magnitude of poverty is due to such spatial factors as natural resource endowments and access to services including health care, education, labor and products markets (Henninger and Snel, 2002). Islam and Khan in 1986 conducted a study on spatial pattern of poverty and inequality by using Susenas data in 1976. Inequality measures used in this study were Gini ratio, Atkinson index, Theil T index, and Theil L index, while to measure poverty, they used head count index, poverty gap index and Sen index, with different poverty lines for each province. This study investigated the correlation between poverty (using Sen index) and income inequality (using Atkinson index) by categorizing the incidence of poverty and income inequality into three categories, low, medium and high. Seven provinces, i.e., Jambi, South Kalimantan, Aceh, East Kalimantan, North Sumatra, Bali, and Central Kalimantan, had low poverty and low inequality. Six provinces, i.e., Yogyakarta, West Java, West Nusa Tenggara, South Sumatra, Riau and Bengkulu had medium level of poverty and medium level of inequality. Provinces which had high levels of poverty and inequality were Lampung, North Sulawesi, East Nusa Tengga ra, Central Sulawesi, Maluku, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi. Jakarta had low poverty but high inequality, West Kalimantan had a medium level of poverty but high inequality, West Sumatra had a medium level of poverty and low inequality, while Central and East Java had high poverty and a medium level of inequality. To examine the effect of a regional poverty target program in Indonesia, Daimon (2001) conducted a research on the spatial dimension of welfare and poverty. He found that there were significantly different social effects of the economic crisis across geographical locations. This study used spatial econometric method to estimate the spatial poverty trap in Indonesia. The data used was the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 1993, which included 6,000 households throughout 13 provinces in Indonesia. Poverty target program, called Inpres Desa Tertinggal (IDT), was designed to empower the local communities. Empowerment of local communities was the key factor to remedy the targeting policy. CHAPTER 3 Overview of Central Java Economic Performance in 1996-2002 and Poverty Reduction Policies in Central Java 3.1. Overview of Central Java Economic Performance in 1996, 1999 and 2002 Located in the middle of Java Island, Central Java has a strategic position due to its regional economic development. Its northern part, which mainly has a low terrain and passed by main transportation route, has various kinds of economic activities, particularly a lucrative fishery on Java Sea. For that reason, infrastructure developed more rapidly in this area. While the southern parts main economic activity is a less productive fishery, the central part is mainly dominated by farming due to the mountainous terrain. This province consists of 35 districts, consisting of 29 kabupatens (regencies) and 6 kotas (municipalities). 8 Central Java is the third most populous province in Indonesia. The population of Central Java was 29,698,845 in 1996, 30,761,221 in 1999 and 31,691,866 in 2002. Kabupatens Brebes, Cilacap and Banyumas were the largest districts in terms of population; while Kotas Surakarta, Tegal and Pekalongan had the highest population density. The population density of those three districts was 11,734/km2, 8,609/km2, and 7,213/km2, respectively. . Generally, per capita income decreased in the period from 1997 to 1998. It should be noted that during this period, economic crisis occurred. Only three districts (Kab. Cilacap, Kota Semarang and Kab. Brebes) experienced an increasing per capita income during this period. Based on data presented in table 3.3, 1998s growth rate was negative, due to the economic crisis in 1997, which shrank the GRDP from Rp. 43,129,839 million in 1997 to Rp. 38,065,274 million in 1998. Looking at the economic structure, the largest contributor of Central Java economy was the manufacturing industry, followed by trade and agriculture The structure of Central Java in terms of employment was slightly different from the structure in terms of GRDP. As shown in table 3.5, the highest share of employment was registered by the agriculture sector, followed by trade and manufacturing. It indicated that agriculture sector had lower productivity compared to trade and manufacture. The 1997s economic crisis also had a negative impact on employment because many industries had to reduce their production cost, mainly their labor cost. The number of unemployed people increased from 552.914 people in 1996 to 599.237 people in 1997, and 831.435 people in 1998. 3.2. Poverty Reduction Policies in Central Java In 2002 central government initiated a poverty reduction program by establishing an independent board called Komite Penanggulangan Kemiskinan (KPK) or The Poverty Reduction Committee and Komite Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Daerah (KPKD) or The Regional Poverty Reduction Committee in each province. Poverty reduction policies in Indonesia are classified into two groups. The first is aiming at community development and the second includes the safety net programs. The aims of community development based programs are to create job opportunity, to develope local/regional capacity, infrastructure building, and to improve community based activities. These programs include the following programs. Inpres Desa Tertinggal ( IDT) / Presidential Instruction to Underdeveloped Villages According to Daly and Fane (2002), this is the first anti-poverty program in Indonesia. The aim is to raise the employment opportunities and household expenditures through community development. This program was targeted to underdeveloped villages in the form of a revolving block grant, where each village accepted Rp.20,000,000.00 per year for 3 years. The fund was distributed among groups of people based on each groups proposal, and should be used for productive activities. Program Pengembangan Kecamatan (PPK) / Kecamatan Development Program. Kecamatan is a sub district which consists of several villages. The Kecamatan Development Program (PPK) was a program that also included a revolving block grant, but the fund was distributed on kecamatan level. Each kecamatan is given a fund from Rp. 750,000,000.00 up to Rp. 1,000,000,000.00, which could be used to support the private sector economic activities as revolving loans or as a capital for providing public infrastructure. This program was supported by NGOs. Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Perkotaan (P2KP ) / Urban Poverty Alleviation Program The idea of this program was almost the same as PPK, except that this program was targeted specifically to kecamatan in urban areas. The aim is to mitigate poverty in urban areas by supporting economic activities with loans and creating jobs for unskilled workers. Each group given the fund has to return the loan within two years with low interest. 4. Program Percepatan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal (P3DT )/ Supporting Infrastructure Development of Underdeveloped Villages (Desa). This is the newest program which replaced IDT program. The program has been implemented by local governments and NGOs. Hence, the NGOs help to facilitate recipient groups in each of the planning, implementation, evaluation, and report making stages. Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat akibat Dampak Krisis Ekonomi (PDMDKE)/ Regional Empowerment to Overcome Economic Crisis Impact. This is a special program to overcome the impact of economic crisis through labor intensive activities. The aim of this program was to create jobs and to build public infrastructure. Gerakan Terpadu Pengentasan Kemiskinan (Gerdu Taskin) / Integrated Movement for Poverty Eradication. This program was administered and coordinated under The Ministry of Demography / Indonesian Family Planning Board ( BKKBN). There are three targeted groups: Family This group includes poor household, the elderly, the disabled, the unskilled unemployed workers. The program provides, for example, foods, and subsidized contraception. Regional/areas Underdeveloped villages, slum areas, coastal areas are included in this category. The programs provides basic infrastructure, such as clean water piping and public toilets. It is also used to improve housing quality in these areas. Institutions This includes governments and non governmental organizations. The program is aimed at empowering these institutions in order to overcome poverty. Social safety net programs are in the second group of poverty reduction policies. These programs were made mainly in response to the 1997 economic crisis. They are aimed at meeting basic needs, by providing subsidized rice for the poor, supplementary foods for primary school pupils, and supplementary foods for children under five years old. Under social safety net programs, governments provided free health services and subsidies for primary school fees to the poor people. They also gave a specific block grant for schools and hospitals. In 2005, a new social safety net program started, after the central government reduced oil subsidy, especially a subsidy for kerosene which is widely used by poor households. Under this new program, each poor household received the sum of Rp. 100.000 per month. CHAPTER 4 Data and Methodology 4.1. Data This study used national socioeconomic survey (Susenas) carried out in 1996, 1999 and 2002. Susenas is a consumption based survey, conducted annually by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Indonesia (CBS) since 1963 (Core Susenas). In addition, there are three modules of Susenas that has been carried out every three years since 1981. One of the modules is the consumption expenditure module that captures more than 300 items of consumption expenditure for representative of 30 provinces. This study used the consumption expenditure module for Central Java that was conducted in 1996,1999 and 2002. The sample size for Central Java Province was 6,803 in 1996, 7,303 in 1999, and 7,374 in 2002, covering 35 districts. The consumption expenditure module is classified into food and non food categories. The food category consists of 216, 214 and 216 items, whereas the non food category consists of 103, 105 in 1996, 1999 and 2002, respectively. This module also presents the way those items are obtained, whether they are purchased in the market, self produced, or received as a gift. 17 All the data are in 1996 constant price because in the mid 1997, Indonesia was hit by the economic crisis that caused the growth rate of GDP to decline, from a positive 4.7 percent in 1997 to a negative 13.1 per cent in 1998. The crisis affected the living standards of the people because the inflation rate increased substantially due to large depreciation in rupiah against US dolar. In 1998 and 1999 the inflation rate was 57% and 20% respectively, but declined to 4 % in 2000. It increased again to more than 10% in 2001 and 2002. Therefore, nominal household expenditures need to be deflated using the consumer price index in 1996 as the base year. Household consumption expenditure data are very useful when we estimate individuals living standard. Many researchers have used household consumption expenditure as an indicator of an individuals living standard. The reason is that consumption expenditure is a better welfare indicator than income. The data can be used to measure poverty by setting a poverty line based on consumption expenditure. According to Central Bureau of Statistics of Indonesia (CBS), the poverty line is defined as the total expenditure in rupiah that are able to purchase foods needed to satisfy 2,100 calories energy requirement per capita per day. It is based on the recommendation of the National Workshop on Food and Nutrition in 1978, which states that in order to stay healthy, a person must consume as much as 2100 calories per day (Maksum, 2004). The method for computing the value of the daily minimum standard of living has improved over year. The poverty line was determined separately for urban and rural areas and also for each province since the basket of food items differs among urban and rural areas and provinces. The calculation is based on the average consumption of basic items, including 52 foods items and 46 non-food items. The poverty line set by BPS for Central Java in 1996 is Rp. 30,499 for rural, Rp. 40,075 for urban and Rp. 33,444 for overall (urban and rural) in terms of monthly per capita expenditure. 4.2. Methodology 4.2.1. The Measurement of Poverty In order to measure poverty, the class of poverty measures developed by Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) will be employed (Foster et al., 1984). By using the FGT index, a quantitative estimate of the effect of a change in subgroup poverty on total poverty can be obtained. The index is defined as follows: (1) where is total number of people, is the poverty line, is the total number of poor people, is the expenditure of individual and ÃŽ ± is a parameter. The formula can be redefined according to the value of ÃŽ ± . When ÃŽ ± = 0 (2) It is simply , that is the proportion of people living below the poverty line, known as the head count index . When ÃŽ ± = 1 (3) It presents the extent to which each individuals expenditure falls below the poverty line as a percentage of the poverty line. It is called the poverty gap index. When ÃŽ ± = 2 (4) It measures the severity of poverty. P2 is distribution-sensitive for any transfer of expenditure, since the square term gives a higher weight to poorer people. 4.2.2. Decomposing Change in Overall Poverty To analyze the change in overall poverty over the study period, this study uses the decomposition formula developed by Huppi and Ravallion (1991a, 1991b), where the change in overall poverty is decomposed into intrasectoral, population shift, and interaction effects. The decomposition formula is given as follows. In this decomposition analysis, we consider two sectors: urban ( = 1) and rural sectors ( = 2). (5) In this formula, is the incidence of poverty in sector i in year t, as measured by the FGT index with the parameter , while is the population share of sector i in year t. It should be noted that in this formula, refers to the population share, rather than the total number of people. presents the change in overall poverty due to the changes in the intrasectoral poverty ( = 1, 2). presents the change in overall poverty due to population shifts, i.e., due to the change in the distribution of population between urban and rural sectors. presents the interaction effect, which captures the correlation between the sectoral and population shift effects. Since this study uses Susenas data for 1996, 1999, and 2002, we analyze the change in overall poverty in two periods: from 1996 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2002. 4.2.3. Mapping the Incidence of Poverty Using Arcview GIS 3.3 (a software package), this study presents the incidence of poverty by Kabupatens (regencies) and Kotas (municipalities) on a map using the FGT index. The aim is to show the spatial distribution of poverty in Central Java, i.e., to see whether poor people are concentrated or dispersed. In order to present the distribution of poverty on a map, we classify all districts (i.e., all Kabupatens and Kotas) in Central Java into three groups: low, medium, and high poverty groups. The low poverty group includes those districts that have the FGT value smaller than , while the high poverty group includes those having the value higher than , where is the average value of the FGT index, is the standard deviation. The medium poverty group consists of those between and . CHAPTER 5 Poverty Incidence in Central Java From 1996 to 2002 5.1. Incidence of Poverty by Location (Urban and Rural Sectors) The incidence of poverty was higher in rural areas than that in urban areas in 1996 by any FGT measures (. The headcount index ()was 0.189 in rural areas, while it was 0.172 in urban areas in 1996, its means that rural areas had a larger proportion of poor people than urban areas. The poverty gap index () was also higher in rural than urban areas, as it was 0.032 and 0.029 in rural and urban areas, respectively, meaning that rural poverty was deeper than urban areas in 1996, though this was due mostly to the fact that rural areas had a larger proportion of poor people than urban areas. 22 The incidence of poverty increased significantly both in rural and urban areas in 1999. But the increase was more substantial in urban than rural areas, as the headcount index () was 0.215 and 0.227 in rural and urban areas in 1999, respectively. In 1999, both the headcount index () and poverty gap index () were larger in urban than rural areas. The economic crisis that occurred in 1997 seems to have a much larger impact on urban than rural areas in Central Java. Food prices skyrocketed because of the large depreciation of Rupiah against the U.S. dollar after the economic crisis, and many people lost their jobs due to the collapse of some industries. But the effects were much less severe in rural areas than urban areas, since many rural people were able to produce their foods by themselves, so that they could mitigate the impact of the inflation. In 2002, Central Java seems to have recovered from the crisis, as both the headcount index () and poverty gap index () decreased prominently in both rural and urban areas. The headcount index () was 0.100 and 0.099 in urban and rural areas, respectively, meaning that mere 10 percent of the people in Central Java were under the poverty line in 2002. In 1999 and 2002, rural areas had a much larger value than urban areas (0.020 vs. 0.012 in 1999 and 0.009 vs. 0.004 in 2002), even though both the headcount index () and poverty gap index () were smaller in rural than urban areas. This indicates that while rural areas had a smaller proportion of poor people than urban areas, their poverty was much more severe than urban poverty, meaning that there were a large number of extremely poor people in rural areas whose consumption expenditures were far smaller than the poverty line. 5.2. Incidence of Poverty by District (Kabupaten and Kota) and Its Spatial Pattern In 1996, Kabupaten Blora had the highest head count index (), which was followed by Kabupatens Grobogan, Wonosobo, Sragen, and Temanggung. On the other hand, Kota Magelang had the smallest head count index (), which was followed by Kotas Salatiga, Tegal, Pekalongan, and Kabupaten Pekalongan. Except Kabupatens Pekalongan, Demak, Sukoharjo, and Kudus, kabupatens had much larger values of the head count index () than kotas, showing that poor people were concentrated in kabupatens. The poverty gap index () had almost the same pattern as the head count index () in 1996. Kabupaten Blora had the highest poverty gap index (), which was followed by Kabupatens Wonosobo, Sragen, Grobogan, Magelang, and Temanggung. On the other hand, Kota Magelang had the smallest poverty gap index (), which was followed by Kotas Salatiga, Tegal, Pekalongan, and Kabupaten Pekalongan. Again, except a few kabupatens, kabupatens had much larger index values than kotas. The number on the map shows the rank of districts with respect to poverty measures within Central Java. There were two major geographical clusters of poor districts

Cost Cutting Essay

Most of us spend more than we need to for a lot of things. If you really can afford luxuries such as gourmet teas or designer clothing and still save for your future, you’re lucky. However, if you’re struggling to meet the financial goals you’ve set on your retirement roadmap, it’s time to look for ways to cut expenses—daily, monthly, and long-term. Start by seeing if you’d benefit from either of these big cost-cutting strategies: †¢If you’re paying high interest on a mortgage and you plan to stay in your home for a few years, consider refinancing.  Be sure to do your home- work to avoid closing costs that might make the move less attractive financially. †¢Reduce your credit card debt. Call the bank and try to negotiate lower finance charges. Then pay down the debt as fast as you can, starting with the high-interest debt. (See AARP’s Tip Sheet, â€Å"Managing Debt. †) It’s easy to spend money without realizing how much it adds up to over a week, a month or a year. So, to make other cuts in your expenses, try reviewing what habits, like eating lunch in a restaurant every day or buying expensive clothes, can add up to in the course of a year. Here are some places to look for cuts. Meals and Entertainment Americans love to eat out, whether it’s a daily break- fast at a pricey coffee shop or fast-food dinners when you feel too tired to cook. Keep track of where you’re eating your meals and what they cost. Bringing your lunch to work and cooking your meals for dinner are good ways to reduce food expenses on a regular basis. Movie fans can save money by renting DVDs, instead of paying admission to the theater and eating that expensive popcorn. Household and Transportation Expenses  Cable television, phone service—including your cell phone— and Internet service can add up to a tidy sum every month. Make sure you have the most economical plans available. If you’re in an area with more than one provider, comparison-shop. Energy costs are climbing and will probably continue to do so. Do an energy review of your home. Plug up drafty windows and doors with weather-stripping, insulate them with blinds or curtains, and then turn down the winter temperature inside by a couple of degrees. Consider solar heating and cooling if it’s feasible where you live. If you have central air, try to use it less. Install ceiling fans in some rooms, so you don’t have to cool the entire house. During the summer months, avoid using the clothes dryer, dishwasher, etc. during peak hours to lower your energy bill. Your biggest transportation expenses probably come from one or more vehicles. Here are some ways to cut back on those costs: †¢Car-pool to work with neighbors or colleagues. †¢Use public transportation. †¢Talk to your insurance company about ways you can lower your rate. On the highway, save money on gas by driving 55 miles per hour instead of faster. Shopping Thoughtful planning, before you shop, is a good way to reduce expensive impulse buying. Whether you’re going to the grocery store, shopping for holiday gifts, or looking for a new pair of shoes or a party outfit, make a list and decide what you can afford to spend ahead of time—and don’t buy something unless you really need it. In the supermarket, read the unit prices: is it cheaper to buy a 16-ounce box of crackers for $3. 0, or 12 ounces for $3. 10? For larger expenses such as a winter coat or a washing machine, check prices at more than one store before you make a decision. You should also check out thrift shops, especially if you know of one in an upscale neighborhood where you might get some good bargains. For Internet purchases, in addition to comparison-shopping on prices, check shipping charges. Some sites make you pay the whole cost; others will offer a deal to entice you to buy from them.

Fast Food Nation Discussion Questions

He is shocked that the greatest power house in t e world has this disease in it's system and it is right under our noses. 2. Believe that the primary goal Closer had in writing this book is exposing a America the fries, burgers, pizzas, subs, that we consume isn't what we think t is. The chicken, cows, and pigs aren't raised on a farm, slaughtered humanely, thro ugly inspected, packaged, and appears on our plates with a nice wrapper around it . He wanted us to be aware that this industry is doing everything in their power to exploit innocent workers, helpless animals, and the system with power and politics. Ink Closer is hoping for America to open their eyes and realize what is really g Long on around them. He wants to see any change, not drastic changes but slowly chaw Eng things. He might expect us to spread this information to anyone that hasn't re ad this book. To spread the info he gave to us to anyone that isn't aware of what is go ins on in their local fast food restaurants. 3 . He kind of depicts an American culture that seems to be oblivious of what is g Ongoing on and just wants to consume, consume, and consume.He kind of writes about transition of a culture where everything was made from scratch and hard word k paid off. No short cuts were taken. Nothing was ‘fast?' just quality food. (pigs 18, 1 7, 46, 50) He described American Farmers as a dying species, businessmen as money hung children as exploited adolescents, general working public as being manipulate d, and the eating public as an unaware audience. 4. The tone of Chlorate's text is subtle yet stern. I would classify this book as outstretching, dark, heartrending and informative.I honestly do not b live that anywhere in the book there was a hopefulness or optimism. It just seem to get darker and darker the more you read on. He asserts his opinion in sections like and Potatoes, The Most Dangerous Job, Your Trusted friends. Yes there are SE actions that are less/ or more biased. (Kenny pig 186, Sharp Knives pig 1 72, A Broken Link pig 146) 5. The effect of these stories is to have us feel connected in a way with them. Like e we know them personally, and understand and feel what they been through, and they are included to give us a generalization of how long these industries have been d Long these things.

Mae Jemison First African-American Woman Astronaut

NASA astronauts have a love of science and adventure and are highly trained in their fields. Dr. Mae C. Jemison is no exception. Shes a chemical engineer, scientist, physician, teacher,  astronaut, and actor. Over the course of her career, she has worked in engineering and medical research and was invited to be part of a Star Trek: Next Generation episode, becoming the first NASA astronaut to also serve in the fictional Starfleet. In addition to her extensive background in science, Dr. Jemison is well-versed in African and African-American studies, speaks fluent Russian, Japanese, and Swahili, as well as English and is trained in dance and choreography. Mae Jemison's Early Life and Career Dr. Jemison was born in Alabama in 1956 and grew up in Chicago. After graduating from Morgan Park High School at the age of 16, she went on to attend Stanford University, where she earned a BS in Chemical Engineering. In 1981, she received a Doctor of Medicine degree from Cornell University. While enrolled at Cornell Medical School, Dr. Jemison traveled to Cuba, Kenya, and Thailand, providing primary medical care to the people living in these nations.   After graduating from Cornell, Dr. Jemison  served in the Peace Corps, where she supervised the pharmacy, laboratory, medical staff as well as provided medical care, wrote self-care manuals, developed and implemented guidelines for health and safety issues. Also working in conjunction with the Center for Disease Control (CDC) she helped with research for various vaccines. Life as an Astronaut Dr. Jemison returned to the U.S. and worked with CIGNA Health Plans of California as a general practitioner. She enrolled in graduate classes in engineering and applied to NASA for admission to the astronaut program. She  joined the corps in 1987 and  successfully completed her astronaut training, becoming the fifth black astronaut and the first black female astronaut in NASA history. She  was the science mission specialist on STS-47, a cooperative mission between the U.S. and Japan. Dr. Jemison was a co-investigator on the bone cell research experiment flown on the mission. Mae Jemison in Spacelab-J Crew Training: Jan Davis and Mae Jemison took part. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA-MSFC) Dr. Jemison left NASA in 1993. She  is currently a professor at Cornell University and is a proponent of science education in the schools, particularly encouraging minority students to pursue STEM careers. She founded the Jemison Group to research and develop technology for daily life, and is heavily involved in the 100 Year Starship Project. She also created BioSentient Corp, a company aimed at developing portable technology to monitor the nervous system, with an eye toward treating a variety of related disorders and illnesses. Dr Mae Jemison attending the One Strange Rock premiere in New York City on March 14, 2018. She actively advocates for science literacy for all people. Getty Images/John Lamparski/contributor. Honors and Awards Dr. Mae Jemison was the host and a technical consultant to World of Wonders series produced by GRB Entertainment and seen weekly on the Discovery Channel. She has earned many awards, including the Essence Award (1988), Gamma Sigma Gamma Women of the Year (1989), Honorary Doctorate of Science, Lincoln College, PA (1991), Honorary Doctor of Letters, Winston-Salem, NC (1991), McCalls 10 Outstanding Women for the 90s (1991), Pumpkin Magazines (a Japanese Monthly) One of the Women for the Coming New Century (1991), Johnson Publications Black Achievement Trailblazers Award (1992),  Mae C. Jemison  Science and Space Museum, Wright Jr. College, Chicago, (dedicated 1992), Ebonys 50 Most Influential women (1993), Turner Trumpet Award (1993), and Montgomery Fellow, Dartmouth (1993), Kilby Science Award (1993), Induction into the National Womens Hall of Fame (1993), People magazines 1993 50 Most Beautiful People in the World; CORE Outstanding Achievement Award; and the National Medical Assoc iation Hall of Fame. Dr. Mae Jemison  is a member of the  Association for the Advancement of Science; Association of Space Explorers: Honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.; Board of Directors of Scholastic, Inc.; Board of Directors of Houstons UNICEF; Board of Trustees Spelman College; Board of Directors Aspen Institute; board of Directors Keystone Center; and the National Research Council Space Station Review Committee. She has presented at the UN and internationally on the uses of space technology, was the subject of a PBS Documentary, The New Explorers; Endeavor by Kurtis Productions. She has actively advocated for science literacy, particularly among girls and women, and has spoken publicly about science and science education at many public events. In 2017 she was awarded the Buzz Aldrin Space Pioneer award and has been awarded nine honorary doctorates for her achievements. She also is part of the Lego Women of NASA set that appeared in 2017, joining such pioneers as Margaret Hamilt on, Sally Ride, Nancy Roman, and others. Jemison has often told students not to let anyone stand in the way of getting what they want. â€Å"I had to learn very early not to limit myself due to others’ limited imaginations, she said. I have learned these days never to limit anyone else due to my limited imagination.† Fast Facts about Dr. Mae Jemison Born: October 17, 1956 in Decatur, AL, grew up in Chicago, IL.Parents: Charlie Jemison and Dorothy GreenFirst African-American female astronaut.Flew aboard STS-47 September 12-20, 1992 as a Mission Specialist.Serves as a professor at Cornell University.Founded the 100-year Starship Project and advocates for science literacy.Appeared in Star Trek: The Next Generation and several other TV shows and films. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.